{"product_id":"bailey-lovie","title":"Bailey-Lovie Reading Sentence Chart","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"ewa-rteLine\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThis new set of Bailey-Lovie 2019 reading chart\nfollow the design principles from the original Bailey-Lovie.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Bailey-Lovie principles ensure that the visual task remains essentially the same at each size level. \nThat is, from one size level to the next, size is the only significant variable. This requires a logarithmic (constant ratio) progression of print size, and a standardized layout at each size level. (same number of letters or words, same spacing ratios, same number of rows, same font,). With reading charts, the words and sentences, paragraphs or passages should be chosen or designed so that the content and difficulty of the reading task has minimal variation from one size sample to the next. One major advantage of charts with these design characteristics is that the standardization of the task facilitates the assessment of reading speed as a function of print size.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eSentence Reading Chart\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe charts may be used for measuring reading acuity and for testing reading speed as a function of the size of the print.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nSentences are more representative of real-world reading tasks than are the sets of unrelated words.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eChart design\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(35, 31, 32); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"\u003eThese charts are in the English language.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Sentence chart use sentences that have 60-character spaces arranged in two rows.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe words and sentences are at the third-grade level and they were selected or composed by schoolteachers.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe layout has left justification and there is close spacing from one size level to the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe size progression is in increments of 0.10 log units (ratio ≈ 1.26).\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe font is Times New Roman and the sizes range from 5.0 M to 0.16 M (44 to 1.4 points).\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nPrint sizes are labeled in M-units (the distance in meters at which the lower-case letters subtend 5 arcminutes) and in typography points.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThere are also VAR labels for designating visual acuity and these have been calibrated for a viewing distance of 40 cm.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eVisual acuity demands for reading typeset materials depend on print size and viewing distance\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eVisual acuity is an angular measurement. When measuring reading acuity, the visual acuity scores depend on both the size of the print and the viewing distance.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nWhen considering reading speed as a function of print size, the primary variable is the angular size of the print.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThus, it is important to note the viewing distance(s) as well as the height(s) of the print being read.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eGood focus should be maintained.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eWhen testing reading performance, the test cards are at near and vision should be in good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nYoung patients usually have sufficient accommodation to achieve in-focus vision for most viewing distances.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOlder patients often require a reading addition, or a combination of add power and accommodation, in order to achieve good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nIf changes in viewing distance are permitted, lens changes may be necessary to maintain good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nMost, but not all, testing of reading speed as a function of print size is performed with the test card at a fixed distance.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading Speeds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Bailey-Lovie charts are designed so the patient can read without pausing as they go from one size level to the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReading in this continuous style improves the precision of timing the reading performance because it avoids the uncertainty or “noise” associated with the patient beginning and ending each reading task.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReading speeds can be measured in several different ways. Patients may be instructed to read silently or aloud.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading efficiency as a function of print size\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003e.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nFor silent reading, speeds may be monitored objectively using eye-movements.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReadings speeds are usually significantly faster for reading silently than for reading aloud.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nEye-movements can be monitored electronically so that each eye-movement is recorded.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nLarge right-to-left return saccades mark the end of reading of one row of print and beginning the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nWith two rows of print at each size, the time taken to read each print sample will be the time between two successive return saccades.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nFrom eye-movement recordings, times to read each print size is easily measured and reading speeds can be calculated.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eA similar, but less precise approach is for the clinician to watch the eye-movements as the patient reads aloud.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nUsing a stop-watch in lap-time mode, the clinician can see the return saccades, record times and determine reading speeds for the different size levels.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eA simpler method is for the clinician to listen to the patient reading aloud, and use a stopwatch in lap-time mode, pressing the button each time the patient reads out the last word of each print-size sample.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003ePerhaps the most common clinical practice is for the clinician make to subjective qualitative judgments about reading efficiency and the confidence that patient exhibits as they read at each print size. The clinician hears the pattern of the reading becoming slower and the confidence diminishing as the print size approaches the patient’s resolution limit.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nAt large print sizes, patients may read with their maximum efficiency, but as the print size progressively becomes smaller, the reading efficiency systematically declines and reading speeds becomes slower.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading times and words per minute\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eMost smart-phone devices have a clock function that includes a lap-timer. Stop-watches are inexpensive.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nElectronic timers in lap-time mode can give a list of the times taken between consecutive button presses.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nTypically, with these reading charts, the timer will show a list of the times taken to read the print at each size level.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe times can easily be converted to reading speed expressed in words per minute.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOn the word-reading chart, there are 10 words on the word-reading chart at each size level.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOn the sentence reading chart there are 60-character spaces, and it is common practice to assume that 6 characters represent a standard-length word. Each sentence can be considered to be equivalent to 10 words.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThis new set of Bailey-Lovie 2019 reading chart\nfollow the design principles from the original Bailey-Lovie.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Bailey-Lovie principles ensure that the visual task remains essentially the same at each size level. \nThat is, from one size level to the next, size is the only significant variable. This requires a logarithmic (constant ratio) progression of print size, and a standardized layout at each size level. (same number of letters or words, same spacing ratios, same number of rows, same font,). With reading charts, the words and sentences, paragraphs or passages should be chosen or designed so that the content and difficulty of the reading task has minimal variation from one size sample to the next. One major advantage of charts with these design characteristics is that the standardization of the task facilitates the assessment of reading speed as a function of print size.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eSentence Reading Chart\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe charts may be used for measuring reading acuity and for testing reading speed as a function of the size of the print.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nSentences are more representative of real-world reading tasks than are the sets of unrelated words.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eChart design\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(35, 31, 32); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;\"\u003eThese charts are in the English language.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Sentence chart use sentences that have 60-character spaces arranged in two rows.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe words and sentences are at the third-grade level and they were selected or composed by schoolteachers.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe layout has left justification and there is close spacing from one size level to the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe size progression is in increments of 0.10 log units (ratio ≈ 1.26).\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe font is Times New Roman and the sizes range from 5.0 M to 0.16 M (44 to 1.4 points).\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nPrint sizes are labeled in M-units (the distance in meters at which the lower-case letters subtend 5 arcminutes) and in typography points.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThere are also VAR labels for designating visual acuity and these have been calibrated for a viewing distance of 40 cm.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eVisual acuity demands for reading typeset materials depend on print size and viewing distance\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eVisual acuity is an angular measurement. When measuring reading acuity, the visual acuity scores depend on both the size of the print and the viewing distance.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nWhen considering reading speed as a function of print size, the primary variable is the angular size of the print.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThus, it is important to note the viewing distance(s) as well as the height(s) of the print being read.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eGood focus should be maintained.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eWhen testing reading performance, the test cards are at near and vision should be in good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nYoung patients usually have sufficient accommodation to achieve in-focus vision for most viewing distances.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOlder patients often require a reading addition, or a combination of add power and accommodation, in order to achieve good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nIf changes in viewing distance are permitted, lens changes may be necessary to maintain good focus.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nMost, but not all, testing of reading speed as a function of print size is performed with the test card at a fixed distance.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading Speeds\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Bailey-Lovie charts are designed so the patient can read without pausing as they go from one size level to the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReading in this continuous style improves the precision of timing the reading performance because it avoids the uncertainty or “noise” associated with the patient beginning and ending each reading task.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReading speeds can be measured in several different ways. Patients may be instructed to read silently or aloud.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading efficiency as a function of print size\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003e.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nFor silent reading, speeds may be monitored objectively using eye-movements.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nReadings speeds are usually significantly faster for reading silently than for reading aloud.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nEye-movements can be monitored electronically so that each eye-movement is recorded.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nLarge right-to-left return saccades mark the end of reading of one row of print and beginning the next.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nWith two rows of print at each size, the time taken to read each print sample will be the time between two successive return saccades.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nFrom eye-movement recordings, times to read each print size is easily measured and reading speeds can be calculated.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eA similar, but less precise approach is for the clinician to watch the eye-movements as the patient reads aloud.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nUsing a stop-watch in lap-time mode, the clinician can see the return saccades, record times and determine reading speeds for the different size levels.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eA simpler method is for the clinician to listen to the patient reading aloud, and use a stopwatch in lap-time mode, pressing the button each time the patient reads out the last word of each print-size sample.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003ePerhaps the most common clinical practice is for the clinician make to subjective qualitative judgments about reading efficiency and the confidence that patient exhibits as they read at each print size. The clinician hears the pattern of the reading becoming slower and the confidence diminishing as the print size approaches the patient’s resolution limit.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nAt large print sizes, patients may read with their maximum efficiency, but as the print size progressively becomes smaller, the reading efficiency systematically declines and reading speeds becomes slower.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eReading times and words per minute\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eMost smart-phone devices have a clock function that includes a lap-timer. Stop-watches are inexpensive.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nElectronic timers in lap-time mode can give a list of the times taken between consecutive button presses.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nTypically, with these reading charts, the timer will show a list of the times taken to read the print at each size level.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nThe times can easily be converted to reading speed expressed in words per minute.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOn the word-reading chart, there are 10 words on the word-reading chart at each size level.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nOn the sentence reading chart there are 60-character spaces, and it is common practice to assume that 6 characters represent a standard-length word. Each sentence can be considered to be equivalent to 10 words.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThis new set of Bailey-Lovie 2019 reading chart\nfollow the design principles from the original Bailey-Lovie.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe Bailey-Lovie principles ensure that the visual task remains essentially the same at each size level. \nThat is, from one size level to the next, size is the only significant variable. This requires a logarithmic (constant ratio) progression of print size, and a standardized layout at each size level. (same number of letters or words, same spacing ratios, same number of rows, same font,). With reading charts, the words and sentences, paragraphs or passages should be chosen or designed so that the content and difficulty of the reading task has minimal variation from one size sample to the next. One major advantage of charts with these design characteristics is that the standardization of the task facilitates the assessment of reading speed as a function of print size.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c\/o:p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eSentence Reading Chart\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;\ncolor:#231F20'\u003eThe charts may be used for measuring reading acuity and for testing reading speed as a function of the size of the print.\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\nSentences are more representative of real-world reading tasks than are the sets of unrelated words.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box;\"\u003e\u003cu style=\"box-sizing: border-box\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:\"Arial\",sans-serif;color:#231F20'\u003eChart design\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:15.75pt;margin-left:\n0cm;background:white;box-sizing: border-box;font-variant-ligatures: normal;\nfont-variant-caps: normal;orphans: 2;text-align:start;widows: 2;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\ntext-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;\nword-spacing:0px\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(35, 31, 32); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-si\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"SV","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53796977115479,"sku":"SV-SNT-318-B","price":82.42,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1015\/4360\/8663\/files\/SNT-318-B.jpg?v=1781603924","url":"https:\/\/www.sussex-vision.co.uk\/products\/bailey-lovie","provider":"ESP\/SV","version":"1.0","type":"link"}